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- <text id=91TT1875>
- <title>
- Aug. 26, 1991: America Abroad
- </title>
- <history>
- TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1991
- Aug. 26, 1991 Science Under Siege
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>Time Magazine</source>
- <hdr>
- WORLD, Page 33
- AMERICA ABROAD
- Least-Favored Nations
- </hdr><body>
- <p>By Strobe Talbott
- </p>
- <p> Free trade is vital to the world order, old and new. It
- is based on the venerable principle of laissez-faire: when
- people are buying and selling, governments should stay out of
- the way. Since the early 17th century, nations have been
- conducting commerce on the theory that lower tariffs mean lower
- prices for consumers, higher profits for merchants and greater
- prosperity for all. Countries that are busily shipping goods
- across their borders may be less likely to dispatch armies. And
- opening markets to imports is a way of opening societies to
- ideas.
- </p>
- <p> Despite lapses into protectionism, the U.S. has generally
- been both a promoter and a beneficiary of free trade. It grants
- 159 of the 170 countries on earth most-favored-nation status,
- or MFN, subjecting their products to roughly the same
- relatively low import duties.
- </p>
- <p> The problem is with the other 11, relegated to what might
- be called LFN, or least-favored-nation status. They were all
- connected with the now defunct Soviet bloc, and they have been
- discriminated against for reasons that have nothing to do with
- economics and everything to do with ideology. The U.S. didn't
- like their political systems, and the denial of MFN was intended
- to force them to change.
- </p>
- <p> Totalitarian countries, however, are better at
- withstanding trade sanctions than democracies are at imposing
- them. Fidel Castro's regime, for one, has easily survived a
- 29-year ban on selling sugar, cigars or anything else to the
- U.S.
- </p>
- <p> Whenever American politicians try to use trade as a carrot
- or a stick abroad, the result is almost always a domestic
- brawl. "There are simply too many voices and competing interests
- on our side to deliver a clear, coherent, timely message," says
- Paula Stern, a former head of the U.S. International Trade
- Commission. A fire-breathing anticommunist on Capitol Hill may
- want to starve America's enemies into submission, but a
- farm-state legislator would prefer to sell them his
- constituents' grain.
- </p>
- <p> Congress and the White House have been bickering all
- summer over whether to attach human-rights conditions to MFN
- status for China, and there could be another fight this fall
- over President Bush's recent promise to grant MFN to the Soviet
- Union. The very subject of the U.S.S.R. sends the American body
- politic into spasms of divisive debate. That eternally troubled,
- troublesome country is the oldest and most vivid example of how
- unsuccessful the U.S. has been at using tariffs as punitive or
- coercive instruments of diplomacy. In 1912 the Taft
- Administration revoked a commercial treaty with czarist Russia
- to protest the persecution of Jews. A few years later, the
- pogroms stopped, but not because of U.S. pressure: the
- Bolsheviks came to power and began repressing the entire
- population. Washington resumed normal trade when it recognized
- the U.S.S.R. in 1933, even though Stalin was already cranking
- up the Great Terror.
- </p>
- <p> In 1974 Congress passed legislation withholding MFN from
- the Soviet Union in an attempt to induce Leonid Brezhnev to
- permit more Jews to emigrate. Largely to spite the U.S.,
- Brezhnev cut exit visas for Jews by nearly two-thirds. Then, in
- 1980, the U.S. granted MFN to China. Beijing's treatment of its
- citizens was hardly exemplary, but its defiance of Moscow made
- it a "strategic partner" of the West.
- </p>
- <p> As a result, the butchers of Tiananmen still have MFN
- today, while the struggling reformers in the Kremlin don't. The
- solution to this absurdity is simple: the very concept of
- least-favored nation, which never worked well in practice
- anyway, is a relic of the cold war and should be junked.
- </p>
-
- </body></article>
- </text>
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